Freedom

Daniel McIntosh, PhD.
7 min readJun 16, 2021

An Essentially Contested Concept

The idea of freedom is a long one. It has been subject to multiple interpretations, and its meaning has changed over time. It is one of what political scientists call “essentially contested concepts”: words with strong values and emotion attached, but without a common definition in practice. Essentially contested concepts are one of the reasons why so many of our political arguments go on and on, with people…

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Daniel McIntosh, PhD.

Writer, consultant, public speaker. Tired of living in the Dark Ages. Working for something better. Top writer in politics and economics.